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Table of Contents

1. Getting Started     

1

1.1 Using the Package for the First Time     

1

1.2 Structure of the Application     

2

1.3 Robustness of Numerical Methods     

3

2. Introduction     

7

2.1 Quick Reference     

7

Solutions of the Lyapunov and Sylvester Matrix Equations     

8

Solutions of the Algebraic Riccati Equations     

8

Reduction to Controller-Hessenberg and
Observer-Hessenberg Forms     

9

Controllability and Observability Tests     

9

Pole Assignment     

9

Feedback Stabilization     

10

Design of the Reduced-Order State Estimator (Observer)     

10

Model Reduction     

10

Model Identification     

10

Miscellaneous Matrix Decompositions and Functions     

11

2.2 An Industrial Application: Controlling the Drum Boiler     

11

2.2.1 The State-Space Model of a Drum Boiler     

11

2.2.2 System Responses, Stability, and Poles     

12

2.2.3 Testing the Controllability     

14

2.2.4 The Design of the LQR Controller     

15

2.2.5 The Controller Design Using Constrained Feedback
Stabilization     

19

2.2.6 The Observer Design     

20

3. Matrix Equations and Control Applications     

26

3.1 Lyapunov Equations     

26

3.2 Riccati Equations     

29

3.2.1 The Schur Methods for the Riccati Equations     

30

3.2.2 The Inverse-Free Generalized Eigenvector and Schur
Methods for the Riccati Equations     

32

3.2.3 The Matrix Sign-Function Methods for the Riccati Equations     

34

3.2.4 The Newton Methods for the Riccati Equations     

36

3.2.5 LQR and LQG Designs Using Riccati Equations     

38

4. Block Hessenberg Forms     

41

4.1 Controller-Hessenberg Forms     

41

4.2 Observer-Hessenberg Forms     

45

4.3 Controllability and Observability Tests Using
Block Hessenberg Forms     

47

5. Pole Assignment and Stabilization by State Feedback     

50

5.1 Pole Assignment Methods     

50

5.1.1 The Recursive Algorithms     

51

5.1.2 The Explicit and Implicit QR Algorithms     

53

5.1.3 The Schur Method     

56

5.2 Partial Pole Assignment     

58

5.3 Constrained Feedback Stabilization     

61

5.4 Lyapunov Feedback Stabilization     

66

6. State Estimation     

69

6.1 Full-Order State Estimation     

69

6.2 Reduced-Order State Estimator     

71

6.2.1 Reduced-Order State Estimator via Pole Assignment     

74

6.2.2 Reduced-Order State Estimator via Sylvester-Observer
Equation     

76

7. Model Reduction     

80

7.1 Cholesky Factors of the Controllability and Observability Gramians     

80

7.2 Model Reduction Using Schur and Square-Root Methods     

84

8. Model Identification     

89

8.1 Time-Domain System Identification     

89

8.1.1 Identification Using Markov Parameters     

89

8.1.2 Identification Using Input-Output Data (Subspace
System Identification Method)     

93

8.2 Frequency Domain System Identification     

97

9. Generalized Eigenvalue Problem     

101

9.1 Generalized Eigenvalue Problem     

101

9.2 Generalized Schur Decomposition     

104

References     

110

Appendix. Collection of Control Systems for Case Studies     

115

A.1 Continuous-Time Models     

115

A.1.1 The Absorption Column     

115

A.1.2 The F-8 Aircraft     

116

A.1.3 The L-1011 Aircraft     

117

A.1.4 The Tubular Ammonia Reactor     

118

A.1.5 The Fluid Catalytic Reactor     

118

A.1.6 The Binary Distillation Column     

119

A.1.7 The Drum Boiler     

120

A.1.8 The Flight Control System     

121

A.1.9 The Automobile Gas Turbine     

121

A.1.10 The CH-47 Helicopter     

122

A.1.11 The Magnetic Tape     

123

A.1.12 The Electric Power System     

123

A.1.13 The J-100 Jet Engine     

124

A.1.14 The "Smart" Highway     

125

A.1.15 The Generator Axle in a Power Plant     

126

A.2 Discrete-Time Models     

127

A.2.1 The Catalytic Cracker     

127

A.2.2 The Chemical Plant     

127

A.2.3 The Paper Machine     

128

A.2.4 The Steam Power System     

129

Index     

130



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